Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use a systematic battery of tube tests and plates designed to lead to identification of two unknown bacterial species, from the combination of all results. A sample of bacteria was used, labeled â€Å"Sample 4†, from which both species was to be obtained, one gram positive and one gram negative. Table 1 is a list of the possible bacteria to be identified; the basic ideas and practice of identification of an unknown sample of bacteria are important for a microbiologist to develop. Not only is proper procedural practice necessary, the investigator must use critical thinking to solve the puzzle that an unknown bacterial sample represents. The essential idea of bacterial identification and grouping based on testable characteristics is referred to as taxonomy. The types of tests and the efficiency of the identification or taxonomic placement depend upon both the critical reasoning of the microbiologist and a well-designed plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram positive bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, esculin hydrolysis, catalase production, and observations from MSA, NA, and blood agar plates. The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram negative bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, TSI slant, citrate utilization, indole production, and observations from EMB, NA, and DNase plates. All tests performed were reasoned to differentiate distinct characteristics of bacteria from the other possibilities, thus identifying the two unknown species in Sample 4. Table 1: List of possible bacterial species. Bacterial Species Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Shigella flexneri Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Enterobacter aerogenes Enterococcus faecalis Serratia marcescens Distinct plate results and observations were expected to be essential to the bacterial determination of both species in Sample 4. During the identification, the bacteria were plated to multiple NA (Nutrient Agar) plates. Nutrient Agar is a general agar medium containing chemicals essential for growing most culturable bacteria in the lab; it is not considered a selective or differential medium, it simply gives insight into general colony characteristics (Madigan et al, 2012). Each of the two different species of bacteria underwent a gram stain; the gram stain method involves staining and counterstaining a sample of cells, in which the results depend upon the composition and thickness of elements of the cell wall. Gram negative cells have more chemically complex cell walls, gram positive cells are less complex yet have a thicker layer of a component called peptidoglycan. The difference in results from a Gram stain is because of this distinction in cell wall composition. After treatment with iodine and decolorization with acetone, gram positive bacteria retain the coloration of the first dye used, and gram negative bacteria are counterstained with the color of the second dye (Madigan et al, 2012). After identification of a bacterial sample as gram positive or negative, the latter may be plated to an EMB plate, the former to an MSA plate. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plates are designed with selective high concentrations of salt, as well as a differential yellow color change which indicates bacteria that ferment mannitol. Eosin Methelyne Blue (EMB) plates are formulated for the encouragement of growth for gram negative bacterial species; EMB plates can also indicate the bacterial fermentation of lactose if the plated colonies are purple after incubation (Levine, 1981). Two other plates commonly used to identify characteristics of bacteria are the DNase and blood agar plate. A DNase plate is an agar plate used to test for a microorganism that employs the enzyme DNase, which breaks down DNA. A DNase plate contains DNA bound to a dye embedded in the agar, this dye is only colored when bound to the negatively charged DNA particle. If DNA on the plate is broken down by a microorganism, the dye will no longer be bound to it, and thus no longer be colored. A positive result for DNase then, is a clearing zone or â€Å"halo† around the bacterial streak on the plate (Menzies, 1977). A blood agar plate is used to test a gram positive microorganism’s hemolysis activity. Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, thus an agar plate embedded with red blood cells is used to test for this activity. If red blood cells are broken down, the red color of the agar will disappear and the result is said to be positive beta-hemolysis; if there is no clearing under or around the microorganisms the result is said to be negative gamma-hemolysis (Brown, 1991). Plate results are an important framework on which to rest the slant and tube tests that follow them. The results of slant and liquid tube tests give indications on less of a spectrum basis than plate results, but can be just as useful when many are compiled together. The bile esculin hydrolysis test is a selective and differential slant used to identify bacteria of the genus Enterococcus. The test contains bile salts to select for the desired bacteria, and differentiates because the hydrolysis of esculin and subsequent combination of the products with iron produces a black color. A positive test for the bile esculin slant is a completely blackened tube (Lindell et al, 1975). A triple sugar iron (TSI) slant is used to identify sugar fermentation in a microorganism; it contains a red pH-sensitive dye that will turn yellow under acidic conditions, such as contact with the acidic byproducts of sugar fermentation. The three sugars, sucrose, lactose and glucose, are present in specific concentrations, 1%, 1%, and . 1% respectively (Hajna, 1945). The combination of the color change results and the location in the tube of the changes allows for a multitude of varying results. The TSI slant is a useful launch point for an investigation of this type, because the varying results can give a solid idea of what direction the remainder of the tests must take. A citrate utilization test is used to determine if an organism uses citrate as its only source of carbon, a positive result will change the dye in the slant from green to blue due to the byproducts changing the pH in the tube (Kiska et al, 2002). An indole production test is used to indicate if an organism can degrade the chemical tryptophan into indole and other products. After incubation, the tube is tested for indole production by the addition of Kovac’s reagent; the reagents indicates a positive result if it is colored red in the tube, negative if it is not red (Watanabe et al, 1972). A catalase test is a slightly different category of test than plates or slants; it used to determine if a microorganism uses the enzyme catalase. If, upon placement of a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a bacterial colony, bubbles are produced, the bacteria has broken down the H2O2 into water and oxygen. The oxygen production is responsible for the bubbles, thus bubbling is said to be a positive test for the enzyme catalase (Keilin et al, 1938). The systematic inventory of the results obtained from all of the tests allowed the gram negative and gram positive species of bacteria in Sample 4 to be determined as Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtulis, respectively. Procedure: The bacterial tube labeled â€Å"Sample 4† was obtained, the bacteria inside were streaked for isolation to an NA plate and incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Distinguishing by isolated colony color and morphology on the NA plate, a gram stain was performed on one of each of the two distinct colony types. The gram negative bacteria was both plated to an EMB plate and streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The gram positive was both plated to an MSA plate and also streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The plates were incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Colonies isolated on the gram positive NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A bile esculin slant was streaked along the surface with a loop. The slant was incubated overnight at 37 ° C and the results were recorded. A blood agar hemolysis activity plate was streaked for isolation, and then incubated overnight at 37 ° C, the results were recorded. Finally, a catalase test was performed by directly placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a colony of the NA plate and the results were recorded immediately. Colonies isolated on the gram negative NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A TSI slant was first stabbed through to the bottom, and then streaked along the surface with a loop. The surface of a citrate slant was streaked in a zigzag pattern. A tube of broth containing tryptophan was inoculated with a loop full of bacteria for the indole test. After incubation, two drops of Kovac’s reagent was added to this tube and the color of the drops was recorded. All of the tests above were incubated for 24 hours, with the exception of the citrate test which incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C, the results were subsequently recorded. A DNase plate was marked down the center; each half was designated to one of the two species, and a single straight streak of a colony from the respective NA plates was set onto the agar. The DNase plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, results were observed and recorded. As all results were recorded, they were compared to previously collected data to decide what still needed to be tested to come to a bacterial determination. Results: The following results are summed up in Table 2. The initial NA plate gave two distinct colony morphologies and colors: large fuzz-edged off-white colonies, and small, pink smooth colonies. The gram stain for the off-white colonies returned purple long bacillus bacteria; the gram stain for the pink colonies showed many small pink bacillus. The MSA plate showed a yellow color change with medium sized colonies. The EMB plate inspection gave small smooth pink colonies. The bile esculin slant showed no color change. The blood agar plate also showed no change in color and no clearing zone around the bacterial colonies. Upon placement of hydrogen peroxide on the colonies for the catalase test, bubbles were observed immediately. A yellow butt and red slant was the observed result from the TSI slant. The off-white colony side of the DNAse plate showed no clearing, the other half had pink smooth colonies with a halo clearing zone surrounding the streak. Upon addition of Kovac’s reagent to the indole test, the reagent was a yellow-orange color. The citrate slant resulted in a color change from green to blue of the entire slant. Table 2: Summary of results obtained from both species in Sample 4. TestOff-white Colony ResultsPink Colony Results NA Platelarge, fuzz-edged colonies, off-white colorsmall, smooth colonies, pink color EMB PlateN/Asmall, smooth pink colonies MSA Platesmall colonies, yellowing of agarN/A Bile Esculin Slantno color change, yellowN/A Blood Agar Plateno change, no clearingN/A Indole TubeN/Aorange-yellow reagent drops Citrate TubeN/Ablue color change TSI SlantN/Ayellow butt, red slant Catalase TestN/ABubbles Dnase Plateno clearing zone observedbright pink colonies, obvious clearing zone Discussion: A compilation of all results led to the determination of both species of bacteria present in Sample 4. The purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the off-white colonies implied the presence of gram positive bacteria. The pink coloration, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the pink colonies was indicative of gram negative bacteria. Based on the following results and reasoning, the gram negative species in Sample 4 was determined to be Serratia mercescans. First examined in the determination were the TSI slant results. The yellow butt and red slant of the test imply the bacteria fermented only one of the three sugars present in the agar: glucose. This is understood when the concentrations of each sugar is examined; if either lactose or sucrose had been fermented, the entire tube would have changed color, if no sugars were fermented, the tube would have remained the same red as before. The significance of the butt of the tube changing color and not the slant indicated fermentation of only glucose, as there is not enough glucose in the slant to turn the whole tube yellow. These results are supported by research suggesting S. marcescens ferments glucose, but does not ferment either lactose or sucrose (Wilfert et al, 1970). The DNase plate was essential to the identification because of the distinct result; the obvious clearing zone around the bacteria indicated DNase activity, and the pink colonies on the plate were definitive for that test. S. marcescens is proven to test positive for DNase activity 92. 4% of the time, as well as show consistently pink colored colonies (Wilfert et al, 1970). The citrate utilization test was positive because the dye in the tube changed color from green to blue, denoting an alkaline pH change resulting from the breakdown of citrate by the bacteria. The result of the indole production test was negative, because the added Kovac’s reagent was not colored red. S. marcescens has been proven to test positive 100% of the time for citrate utilization, and test negative 99% of the time for indole production (Wilfert et al, 1970). The NA and EMB plates further solidified the identification of the gram negative bacteria as S. marcescens. The species has consistently smooth, pink colonies on nutrient agar, as well as on EMB. The sample was also consistent in testing negative for the fermentation of lactose because it did not result in purple colonies on the EMB plate, the color remained unchanged. Overall, the distinctive compilation of the test and plate results in comparison to known characteristics of all possible bacterial unknowns for the gram negative bacteria allowed for determination as S. marcescens; possibly most notable: the constant pink coloration of the colonies. The gram positive species in Sample 4 was determined to be Bacillus subtilis based upon the observed results and observations, as well as detailed research information describing typical B. subtilis characteristics. A very powerful early indication of B. subtilis came from information attainable from the gram stain, cell morphology. Every cell observed on the slide was bacillus or rod shaped; of the three possible gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. faecalis) only B. subtilis is morphologically bacillus, the others are coccus. The result of the catalase test was clearly positive, the immediate production of bubbles indicated a bacteria able to break hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. B. subtilis has been shown to test positive for the enzyme catalase; the species is even occasionally used as a model organism in laboratory catalase research (Bol et al, 1991). The response of the bacteria to the esculin hydrolysis test indicates a negative result. No black color change indicated that the esculin in the slant was not broken down, and there were no byproducts to bind to iron and turn the tube black. In an aside to the initial morphology result, the esculin hydrolysis and catalase tests indicate the gram positive unknown is not S. faecalis, a species known to show color change for esculin hydrolysis and negative for the catalase enzyme (Zervos et al, 1987). The blood agar showed no change in the agar, indicating gamma-hemolysis. B. subtilis has not been known to typically lyse blood cells, the model laboratory organism S. aureus has been known to exhibit this characteristic (Fairweather et al, 1983). This final test, in conjunction with the gram stain morphology result, discounts the possibility the unknown species is S. aureus, leaving the final determination of the gram positive unknown in Sample 4 as B. subtilis. In the era of phylogeny, the determination of a bacterial species’ place in the tree of life by way of nucleotide base pair sequencing, taxonomic studies such as this have taken a back seat in true bacterial identification. Phylogeny, however, requires much more time and analysis than the determination of bacteria by testing for certain characteristics; this difference is worth the sacrifice in exact results in situations where an unknown bacteria has caused infection or contamination. Thus, batteries of tests and plates are used commonly in clinical situations where the medical response may need to be immediately determined to help an individual, or prevent an outbreak. Typically, the same strategy of testing by design is used by those in the medical field to launch an investigation into an unknown pathogen or contaminant. The investigator must combine all their knowledge and skill to come to an accurate conclusion, making this type of experiment an essential tool for microbiologists.

Elements of Project Management

Elements of Project Management Workplace Health and Safety, and PPE Personal Reflection The aspects of management style that have brought the best work out of me are adaptability and critical problem-solving skills (Davis 2008). The aspect of adaptability influenced the adjustments that I had to make in exercising influence over the need to remodel the concrete mixing ratio when constructing a temporary bridge in the Sussex region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Project Management Workplace Health and Safety, PPE, B2B marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through these adjustments, I was in a position to model a unique project remodeling that reassures and discerns the wants and desires of the local council. However, I was not able to balance the ability to oversee and proactively supervise the project since the risk mitigation was in the hand of the project supervisor. To make the project more successful, the managers ought to have encouraged interpersonal skills among the employees since they have an immeasurable value in the success of the project. However, this was difficult for the managers faced the constraints of limited vital soft skills among the employees such as project leadership and management skills, risk assessment skills, and rational decision making in the process of micromanagement of the bridge construction project. From experience in the bridge construction project, I need to develop the behavioral skills of project personnel such as the aspect of scientific management, which necessary in addition to proactive leadership approach. Topic discussion Project management at organizational and project level focuses on the objectives and set goals that are to be achieved through project implementation within the international safety standards. Individual project management skills such as motivation, inspiration, and revitalization of the project personnel, project leadership skills nurture col lective and self-responsibility to perform optimally in compliance with health and safety standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The challenges faced by on-site managers in maintaining WHS are micromanagement of different employees and quality assurance with varying levels of safety standards. To address these challenges, the manager should adopt a proactive approach towards connecting the mission, vision and objectives of a project to the unique dynamics of the project WHS environment (Davis 2008). With references to the development site at Jordan Springs, another challenge that cannot be easily segregated is the difficulty of balanced supplementary implementation of the project through project leadership skills, the culture of teamwork and common purpose will eventually climax in successful project execution. In order to mitigate this challenge, it is necessa ry to design a practical project tracking plan and progress assessment criteria through the application of project leadership and soft management skills (Workcover 2000). B2B marketing Personal Reflection Reflectively, I have always had a passion for a career in the construction industry. Specifically, the science and art of project management greatly influenced my degree choice and the conclusion to attend UWS. The UWS offers the necessary training in project leadership and management skills, which inspire creativity and innovativeness in the process of project management. Possession of relevant project leadership and management skills as appropriate recipe for an all-round and productive career in the construction industry impacted my decision. I went through career planning and future career development prospects when deciding to attend UWS. The main challenges I faced in the transition from school and university was the change in environment, the scope of topic coverage, and emb racing diversity as I meet students from all over the world who had unique beliefs and behavior. I have addressed these challenges by opening up, developing a proactive attitude and embracing the diversity in my new environment. Discussion A good brand positioning as a marketing strategy guides the marketing plan by illustrating the brands essence, and showing how it helps the agent achieve their goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Project Management Workplace Health and Safety, PPE, B2B marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the construction industry, the need for marketing facilitates building of strong brands, amalgamation, or consolidation, which unites several sub-brands into a single unit that is more appealing to the potential investors. Strong brand strategy will facilitate the restructuring of effective support and awareness to develop product knowledge of the potential stakeholders. In the case of Jordan Spring construction project, effective marketing will persuade the general public to accept the project since its benefits are communicated in the marketing plan. If well merged with appropriate market mix, the strategy will secure a continuous quantitative increase of the market by continually maintaining relatively support of the products on offer as well as the maintenance of fair competition level from other competitors within the construction industry. Reflectively, marketing will form the primary educational tool for informing potential clients about the benefits, cost elements, and future property projections. Thus, stakeholders and potential investors will make rational decisions based on the information in the marketing strategy for the Jordan Springs project. The Penrith City Council has the role of certifying the construction project, recommending to the public the benefits of the project, and providing social security to interested stakeholders via authenticated the legality of the Jordan Springs construction project (Workcover 2000). Communication and Interpersonal Skills Personal Reflection My communication skills reflect on a constant communication culture characterized by individual professionalism, consistency, quality, adaptability in intra and interpersonal relation, rule of consultation in intra operation, healthy working environment, sensitive management and personal organization with minimal complications on performance and health. I have created a working stressor regulator by expressing anxieties proactively to exceedingly manage psychological and physical demands for comfortable cope up with the unfamiliar situations. Also, this regulator manages unrealistic personal pressure among other excessive demanding work and individual cognitive factors inclusive of health issues, relationship and inability to adjust to sudden change.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I have a weakness in setting up simple, practical strategies to get to know and offer solutions to personal artificial impairment in communication before it generates into an interaction risk or harm (Rothwell 2005). Through designing personal tolerance model levels, I can address this challenge by developing a dependence of interest attached to an activity, creating proactive relationships, and monitoring their interaction with physical and psychological health within intra and interpersonal communication. To improve on personal communication, I would concentrate on establishing a good intra and interpersonal communication relationship at work as a security strategy for confidential sharing of work-related hiccups with fellow employees or a trusted staff mate. In addition, I would concentrate on preventive policy of creating informal inter-group meetings where the employees are given an opportunity to share experiences and encourage each other. I would then research on any pre evid ence of a recognizable stressor I know or ought to have known because of the work nature besides the work environment. Instead of playing the blame game, I would then concentrate on addressing these issues and where necessary providing personal rehabilitation program (Workcover 2000). Discussion There are two types of social conflicts: informal and formal (official). These social conflicts influence one another. For instance, the aspect is the mutual interests that exist between the company and its workers may lead to informal conflict. This mutual interest offers superordinate objective which can be achieved only through combined determination of the organization (employer) and individual workers to resolve the conflict via arbitration. Through negotiation, a company can establish internal procedures to address misconduct cases that bring conflict within the organization. This ensures that its organizational actions and objectives are ethical (Rothwell 2005). The first step in arbi tration and negotiation is to develop an expectation in the conflicting parties for a win-win solution so that a mutually satisfactory conclusion is arrived at. The second step is to define the general concerns, needs and interests though it can lead to arguments based on rights. The next stage is to brainstorm the creative suggestions from both the parties. The final step is to combine the best tips that you have received into a win-win solution. In doing this, care should be taken to reduce the cost of an agreement to the disadvantaged party. The specific issues that managers and supervisors need to address when it comes to conflict on the construction site include the scope interpersonal relations, working conditions, welfare provisions, and work environment since these elements significantly contribute to employee effectiveness and behavior. Therefore, these conflicts can be solved by examining psychosocial and physical well being of employees towards organizational effectivenes s and appropriate job performance and satisfaction. Psychosocial conditions impart more effect on the organizational effectiveness and job satisfaction. The impact of organizational environment and structure on employees behaviors is a crucial issue to put into consideration for the management of conflict at the construction site (Workcover 2000). Managing in the Global Environment – the Virtual Organization Personal Reflection Reflectively, personal motivation forms the pinnacle of global leadership perspectives. Specifically, my drivers to complete work, assignment and other tasks are the foresight which is very crucial because it gives an individual a rough perspective and overview of the future concerning the expected and unexpected changes and challenges. Therefore, I always examine and evaluate my past and endeavor to adopt relevant skills that will be relevant for future challenges and responsibilities. Through designing personal task management model levels, my task o rientation module has remained active in developing dependence of interest attached to an activity, creating proactive relationships, and monitoring their interaction with physical and psychological health (Bustin 2004). Eventually, it has paid off since I have learnt to appreciate the essence of tolerance and necessity to stay active. Several external and internal pressures have a direct impact on my motivation and desire to succeed. As a proactive individual in the past assessments and a think out of the box personality, overcoming obstacles has been a cutting edge, especially when this involves a third party. Working with others consists of the flexibility of the mind and ability to proactively embrace different opinion. Diversity at workplace may exert pressure on personal development (Bustin 2004). The pressure to build a stable, practically oriented and qualitative problem solving criterion throughout life has impacted on my life since this experience has placed in me a practi cal work environment and added value to the desired skills for the future career path. Discussion Having online Creating Thinking classes enabled me to hypothesize within the context of how the application of learning methodology and guarded me against being subjected to the authoritarian teaching strategies; which often happens to be an integral part of the on the ground learning environment. I had much freedom in working on my homework assignments, and the choice to favor an integrative approach towards absorbing the taught material. However, face to face classes are more interactive and comprehensive since I had several opportunities to seek first-hand clarification on different topics (Workcover 2000). If the Creating Thinking classes were fully online, poor time management, outside influences and isolation would have negatively influenced my grade. Though online classes make the learning experience more comfortable, lecturers benefit more than students since the lecturers will spend a short time with the students. Thus, the learning experience will be very poor. IPad is a useful learning tool for students are empowered to comfortable study on and off-campus. IPad technology makes it easy for students to access class material and save them a lot of time in library research. Generally, the students embraced this project since it empowered them to embrace efficiency in learning (Bustin 2004). The specific needs of people working in the virtual organization within the construction industry include a stable and high-performance virtual support system, proper connectivity to the support structure, and necessary logistic support to complete the cycle of operation. To ensure morale, motivation and productivity, these needs can be addressed through the creation of a stable virtual platform and comprehensive training on the best support applications in the market (Workcover 2000). Working with people and Quality Management Personal Reflection I am a transformationa l, situational, and participatory leader. My leadership strengths are teamwork skills in managing good organizational culture by fostering a strong alignment on the set path of achieving goals. However, I am always impatient for success. In order to improve on my ability to work with others, I must develop leadership skills that inspire self-esteem and confidence among the staff through a proactive personal approach (Slack 2012). Discussion Total quality management is applied in the construction industry through efficiency matrix that aims at minimizing costs that will result in accumulated gains in construction projects. The application includes the aspect of cost, dependability, speed, quality, and flexibility in the costing matrix within a specified period (Slack 2012). When outsourcing, the management may face the challenges of balancing the sustainability goals and fulfilling the current demands against the interest of the local labor market. These challenges can be addressed t hrough franchising and balanced insourcing as opposed to uncontrolled outsourcing. When quality is compromised, an organization is likely to operate below its optimal point and make losses that can be avoided. A quality integration management system performs optimally via integration of appropriate scientific methods and techniques. To enrich artistic managerial talents, scientific techniques come in handy to not only magnify the margins of success but also to ensure a smooth transition of an idea or an event after another (Workcover 2000). Reference List Bustin, G 2004, Take charge: How leaders profit from change, Tapestry Press, Irving, Texas. Davis, A. S 2008, Leadership styles in project management: An analysis based upon the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Web. Rothwell, W 2005, Career planning and succession management: developing your organizations talent for today and tomorrow, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport. Slack, N 2012, Operations and process management: Prin ciples and practice for strategic impact, Pearson Education Limited, Alabama. Workcover 2000, Occupational health and safety information manual for supervisors in the NSW construction industry, New South Wale, Marlboro.

How to Study Phrasal Verbs - Strategy Verb Examples

How to Study Phrasal Verbs s Learning phrasal verbs is one of the most challenging tasks for English learners. Teachers can use this introducing phrasal verbs lesson plan to help students become more familiar with phrasal verbs and start building phrasal verb vocabulary. This phrasal verbs reference list will also get you started with short definitions of approximately 100 of the most common phrasal verbs. Finally, there are a wide variety of phrasal verb resources on the site to help you learn new phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs quickly become confusing for a few reasons: One main verb many prepositions - Just think of the verb to get, heres a short list: get into, get through, get to, get into, get by, etc.One phrasal verb, different meanings - Consider the phrasal verb pick up: pick up learn, pick up physically fetch, pick up purchase, etc.One phrasal verb, literal, figurative and idiomatic meanings - How about the verb put up: put up / literal physically place on a shelf, put up / figurative provide a place to sleep, put up / idiomatic deal with a situationSeparable or inseparable? - Look after - inseparable / look over - separable. Its very difficult to learn which phrasal verbs separate and which dont! Lets start with the introductory list of problem areas for phrasal verbs from above. For each phrasal verb you learn. Ask yourself these four questions: Which other phrasal verbs do I know that begin with this main verb?What is the literal meaning of this phrasal verb, the figurative meaning, and the idiomatic meaning? - Not all phrasal verbs have multiple meanings, but many do!Is this phrasal verb separable or inseparable?Can I write (or speak) a few example sentences with this phrasal verb? Heres a look at 5 common phrasal verbs. Its a good list to start with, and it will help you learn to consider these various factors when learning phrasal verbs. Ill provide answers on each of the questions (in a shortened form). When you are done, use the example form to study on your own. You can either copy the form onto a piece of paper, or copy and paste into a new document. Perhaps you can even save the document with multiple blank entries so you can continue to use this method to learn phrasal verbs. Make your own phrasal verb dictionary! Note: Not all phrasal verbs with other prepositions are listed for each main verb. That would be impossible! Try to think of as many phrasal verbs with other prepositions as you can for each of your own entries. Phrasal Verb: Get Into Other phrasal verbs with this verb?get to, get by, get through, get over, get at, get away withLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: to open a box, drawer or other containerFigurative: to discuss somethingIdiomatic: to enjoySeparable or Inseparable?InseparableExample sentences:I used a key to get into the house.Lets get into the reasons why were going to win this case.He really got into the concert! Phrasal Verb: Look Forward To Other phrasal verbs with this verb?look away, look through, look to, look at, look overLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: To look at something in the front (not used often)Figurative: To eagerly anticipateSeparable or Inseparable?InseparableExample sentences:I look forward to seeing you soon.Susan looks forward to her vacation in July. Phrasal Verb: Put Off Other phrasal verbs with this verb?put on, put over, put up, put through, put awayLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Figurative: to postpone somethingIdiomatic: to make someone not likeSeparable or Inseparable?SeparableExample sentences:Lets put the meeting off until next week.Her attitude put me off. Phrasal Verb: Make Out Other phrasal verbs with this verb?make to, make through, make up, make offLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Figurative: to see in the distanceIdiomatic: to kiss a lotSeparable or Inseparable?Figurative: Separable Idiomatic: Inseparable (does not take an object)Example sentences:Can you make the island out in the distance?They made out for thirty minutes. It was disgusting! Phrasal Verb: Take Off Other phrasal verbs with this verb?take up, take over, take to, take inLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: to disrobe - take clothing off your bodyFigurative: to be successfulIdiomatic: to not go to work, take leisure timeSeparable or Inseparable?Separable (Figurative: Inseparable)Example sentences:I took my coat off and entered the room.The new products took off. We sold more than 300,000 in just one month!I need to take some time off work. Continue to the next page for a blank worksheet that you can copy and use for your own phrasal verb study. Feel free to print as many copy as you need! Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences:

Nursing negligence and malpractice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing negligence and malpractice - Essay Example Hence, prompting both the institutions and respective professionals incur huge expenses when the affected decide to lodge pricey as well as complicated lawsuits demanding justice. It is due to this reason regimes like US has come up with reforms meant to govern and even determine these incidences for appropriate restitution of the affected people. However, due to the complexity of these incidences and their extending factors have rendered them multifarious to the extent the involved parties some do not get justice. Since, numerous cases end up dismissed besides the accused that include the professionals and their respective employers incur extremely high defense expenses. According to Carroll, Parikh and Buddenbaum (2012), US regimes that have ever took power their core concern encompassed ensuring accessibility of the healthcare by masses but not in ensuring balance in all its sectors. This is especially in terms of either negligence or malpractice cases whereby to date there are no effective factors meant to ascertain equitable restitution. Since, once there is a malpractice case and results to dismissal, dropped or withdrawn end up being approximately seven times pricey compared to that has gone to trial. Hence, to the side of insured and insurer turning to be a shortcoming without considering when the incident occurred one may not have resulted to doing it calculatedly. Carroll, A. E., Parikh, P. D., & Buddenbaum, J. L. (2012). The Impact of Defense Expenses in Medical Malpractice Claims. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 40(1), 135-142.

In what ways are new technologies opening up new spaces of identity Essay - 1

In what ways are new technologies opening up new spaces of identity for young people - Essay Example For example people can play games online and have fun. Its easy now to make a website that belongs to a certain university and has all the students as members in it. Or a website that offers the user to increase its social circle by interacting with different type of people across the globe. I was going through a local magazine today and found a section in it that had real stories about people’s experience on the Internet. I was not amazed at all to find out the story about a happily married couple that first met on the Internet in a local chat room. Events like this are becoming common in the world. This story only tells about people living in the same region but in fact there are stories about people living in different parts of the world that met on the Internet and went on to get married. In the same way people have started making friends around the globe that share common interests. Now I will discuss about some websites that are extremely popular and have millions of peo ple as their members. The recent trend in Internet entertainment is towards websites that allow people to interact with different people across the globe. As we all know Internet removes the barrier of time synchronization hence it enables the people around the world to mingle with each other. Websites like Orkut, Facebook, Netlog, Hi5, and My Space have been the major target of users looking to make new friends and have fun on the Internet. I will only discuss Orkut and Facebook that are the leaders. The strategy of the owners of these website is quite simple, that is enable interaction between people in the circle of law and order and provide entertainment. While this is going on the owners of these websites are not dumb enough to do this without earning money. Every organization that wants to promote their firm through the Internet finds it easy to market themselves through websites that are most frequently visited. These websites that claim to increase a person’s social circle

Scientific method Essay Example for Free

Scientific method Essay Summary paragraph introducing the project, building, hypothesis, highlights of findings. concise brief of the parts to the case study. Introduction Description of building, background information, designer’s intent, observations, and how team decided on topic. selection of an interesting or challenging building; relevant issues to current building performance topics that address energy-use and conservation and/or occupant well-being and associated topics covered during the Fall term. Hypothesis / Inquiry Questions. A question converted to a statement that can be tested, deals with one relevant topic, and has only one clause. suitability in scope and context to the case study building; testable and well-framed statement linking design intent to performance topic. Significance in going beyond the mundane. Methods / Equipment Step-by-step procedure that explains how, who, what, where and details of the collection of information. innovative utilization of field methods which are well-matched to the hypothes(es) and based upon direct experience with the selected building; appropriate approach and use of equipment for this case study. Data / Analysis Collection of data and explanation and interpretation of the results. effective communication and analysis of results in response to the research questions; this may include creative or unique ways of representing data; Conclusions / Design Lessons Learned Concise statements of key findings and what was learned. understanding of the complexities and variables of the project. appropriateness of concluding statements suggestions for studies to build upon this case study. Web Design ease and logic of navigation; readability and clarity; creativity in using the web to enhance the representation of data. appropriate attribution, acknowledgement, etc. A =demonstrates meeting the objectives and criteria above; serves as a useful model of information for the design community. B =demonstrates meeting the objectives and criteria above C =meets several of the objectives and criteria above, is deficient in areas. D =does not demonstrate meeting the objectives and criteria above Evaluation Procedures. The following process enables us to give a fair and objective review to each of the case study projects, according to the objectives and criteria set forth in the assignment. 1. Instructors will review an initial set of selected case studies together and assign letter grades (see below) for content and web design according to the criteria above. As a group, we will discuss the merits and deficiencies and come to agreement on the final content and web grade, by consensus or averaging the grades. Comments and grades will be entered into a master spreadsheet (which contains team names, email addresses, GTF, title) which will facilitate sending feedback to the teams and provide a master document should students come in to talk to us later. 2. For efficiency of time and because of the number of case studies, we will break into grading teams (one instructor, two GTFs) and use the same process to evaluate the rest of the case studies. Adjustments and re-calibration of grades can occur as we progress through the grading process. The instructors may float between teams. 3. Presentation grades from the instructor and GTF will be entered into the master spreadsheet. 4. Generally, GTFs will not be on a team grading their own students’ case studies. They can be however, consulted to ask about the team’s initiative and general performance. GTFs should review the grades with the grading team. 5. All instructors will â€Å"vote† for case studies to be place in the Hall of Fame (4-5 total). Once these have been selected we will notify them after grades have been submitted and case study files can be posted to the Hall of Fame site. (this may be early winter term).

Losing Religion and Finding God in The Day Zimmer Lost Religion :: Day Zimmer Lost Religion Essays

Losing Religion and Finding God in The Day Zimmer Lost Religion Paul Zimmer's poem "The Day Zimmer Lost Religion" tells of the narrator's respect and fear of Christ as a boy. He is now a man and dares to challenge Christ. The expected punishment does not occur, and Zimmer loses his faith in religion as he now perceives it. The first stanza is about childhood fear of God. The narrator says, "The first Sunday I missed Mass on purpose / I waited all day for Christ to climb down" (1-2). Zimmer felt he deserved to be punished, to have Christ "Club me on my irreverent teeth, to wade into / My blasphemous gut and drop me like a / Red hot thurible" (4-6). Zimmer clearly expects something terrible to happen, emphasized by the presence of a watching, anticipating Devil. Stanza two is about rebellion. "It was a long cold way from the old days" (8). Zimmer would never have dared to miss Mass in his younger years. Zimmer feels he has come a long way from his boyhood days, "A long way from the dirty wind that blew / The soot like venial sins across the schoolyard" (11-12). Is the dirty wind the forces in life that we cannot control? Is the soot the flaws we begin to see in our elders as we grow older? Has Zimmer observed how weak man can be and questioned why God allows our transgressions? In the schoolyard, "God reigned as a threatening, / One-eyed triangle high in the fleecy sky" (13-14). Does Zimmer feel God had reigned high in the sky and observed each sin we do? He equates the schoolyard with the world. Zimmer knows the minor sins of the schoolyard. God knows the sins of all. The last stanza is about mature faith. Zimmer repeats that he "waited all day for Christ to climb down . . . and pound me / Till me irreligious tongue hung out" (16-19). Zimmer seems to feel that Christ is obligated to punish and that in fact He even enjoys it. Zimmer never mentions a God of love; is this why he feels there must be more to religion than what he knows now? In the last two lines, Zimmer tells us, "But of course He never came, knowing that / I was grown up and ready for Him now" (20-21).

Muscle Cross Sectional Area Health And Social Care Essay

Strength has been documented to hold a positive relationship with the cross sectional breadth of the musculus ( Knuttgen, 1976 ) . Those jocks with the ability to bring forth a greater maximum voluntary contraction will hold advantages over rivals during featuring events associated with strength. The neuromuscular system of the human organic structure is by and large the most antiphonal to developing ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . Muscle is really basic in the manner that it increases with size and strength when being exercised, but will diminish in size and strength when non being trained. When the musculus additions strength, it is normally accompanied by a addition in the size of the musculus, likewise, when a musculus loses strength, it loses musculus size ( Marieb et al, 1999 ) . Although musculus size does impact the strength of the musculus, nervous factors such as motor unit enlisting and the frequence of the stimulation of the motor units are besides of import to strength addition. When a musculus additions in size after long term opposition preparation it is known as chronic hypertrophy. This occurs when structural alterations within the musculus are made due to the addition in size of the bing musculus fibers. This fiber hypertrophy occurs due to an addition in sarcostyles and actin and myosin fibrils, which will let a greater sum of force to be produced due to the greater sum of cross-bridges available, ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) When opposition preparation, the bizarre constituent of preparation is of import in seeking to enable the maximal addition in the cross sectional country of each musculus fiber. It is good documented that greater hypertrophy can be gained from merely utilizing bizarre contractions, in comparing to concentric contraction preparation, or a combination of both homocentric and bizarre contraction preparation ( Higbie et al, 1996 ) . An bizarre contraction occurs when the opposition applied to the musculus exceeds the musculus force, hence intending the musculus would lengthen, while staying under tenseness ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . The absorbing action of the manus uses isometric contractions of the forearm to bring forth the tight clasp. An isometric contraction is when a musculus generates a force despite the deficiency of noticeable prolongation of shortening of the musculus ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . The articulations of the manus do non travel, nevertheless, the manus could bring forth sufficient force, so as to non drop the object. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effects of the cross sectional country of the forearm, on the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus executing a absorbing action in male topics. Based on old research it was hypothesised that there will be a positive correlativity between the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus and the cross sectional country of the forearm in males. Method Thirty seven healthy, male voluntaries ( Aged 20 +/- 3years, Height 1.7meters +/- 0.2meters ) participated in a survey, all were pupils. First, all topics had their forearm cross sectional country recorded. This was done by mensurating the subjectaa‚ ¬a„?s largest country of the forearm utilizing a tape step. The perimeter of the forearm was so used to work out the radius, utilizing the equation C = 2Pi r. Once the radius of the forearm was recorded, this figure was so used to work out the cross-sectional country of the forearm utilizing the equation 2pi2. Each topic performed three, maximum voluntary contractions, gripping the digital ergometer utilizing their right manus, while their forearm would be perpendicular to their organic structure. When the topic felt they had reached their maximal contraction, they would allow travel of the ergometer. Forty-five seconds remainder was given to the topics between each test. Out of the three figures produced by the ergometer, the highest figure was recorded to be analysed ( see appendix 1 ) Data was analysed utilizing a goodness of fit value, and was tested for significance utilizing a studentaa‚ ¬a„?s t trial. Consequences The information shows a little positive correlativity between the cross sectional country of the forearm, and the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus ( R2 = 0.0334 ) . T-tests on the information gathered, concluded that the forearm cross sectional country did non hold a important impact on the MVC recording ( p=0.180 ) .Figure 1 illustrates the information collected.Figure 1. Exemplifying the relationship between forearm cross sectional country, and the maximum voluntary contraction during the hand-grip motionDiscussion The preset survey shows that although there was a little positive correlativity between strength and the cross sectional country for male topics, there was besides a considerable sum of incompatibility between persons. However, the informations gathered was non statistically important when analysed utilizing t-tests. Studies into the relationship between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction have produced contradictory consequences. Maughan et Al ( 1983 ) besides found that there was a positive correlativity between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction, but likewise to the present survey, there consequences showed a really high degree of variableness. In the present survey, there is an anomalousness, where one of the topics with the smallest transverse sectional country, was able to bring forth one of the highest maximum voluntary contractions, and likewise, how the largest cross sectional country measured, produced a comparatively wea k contraction in comparing. This could be explained by taking into consideration the single differences of the topics. When mensurating cross sectional country of the forearm, this was done merely by mensurating the perimeter of the widest portion of the forearm. This would therefore take into history any fat tissue environing the musculus, which would differ from each topic. As it is merely the skeletal musculus which is bring forthing the contraction which is being measured, the fatso tissue which has non been accounted for is impacting the information. Another consideration would be the single difference in the physique up of the musculus between the different topics. The musculuss of the human organic structure are composed of a varied ratio of the two chief types of musculus fibers, each holding different contractile features ( Brooke & A ; Kaiser, 1970 ) . Athletes that participate in endurance activity have been shown to hold predominately type I muscle fibers, in comparing to rush and strength jocks with tend to hold largely type II fibers ( Saltin et al 1977 ) . It has been documented that there is a positive correlativity between the strength of the musculus and the proportion of type II musculus fibers present within the on the job musculus, Tesch & A ; Karlsson ( 1978 ) . This would bespeak that the strength of the type II musculus fibers was greater than that of the Type I muscle fibre, and this would in bend reflect the maximum voluntary contraction that could be produced by each topic. This is supported by a study by Bu rke Edgerton ( 1975 ) , & A ; who agreed that musculuss with a higher proportion of type II musculus fibers could bring forth a greater isometric contraction than musculus with a composing of chiefly type I fibres. In footings of associating the consequences of the Tesch & A ; Karlsson survey to the present one, their survey had no comparing to the cross sectional country of the on the job musculus, and hence no comparing would be able to be drawn against the information in this survey. The motive of the topics to work at an absolute maximum degree may hold besides impacted upon the truth of the consequences. It was hypothesised that there will be a positive correlativity between the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus and the cross sectional country of the forearm in males. The survey found that although there was a little positive correlativity, the information was undistinguished, and could non be drawn upon to do a concluding decision. One decision drawn from this survey is that there was a considerable degree of discrepancy in the subjectsaa‚ ¬a„? maximum voluntary contraction, with some of the smaller cross sectional countries, bring forthing some of the highest voluntary contractions. This could be due to the manner in which we measured the forearm cross sectional country, taking into history fatty tissue, or could besides come down to the single difference in musculus fiber types, reflecting the ability of the musculus to bring forth a higher contraction than others. Word Count aa‚ ¬ † 1357 Appendix 1CapableAge ( Old ages )Height ( centimeter )Computer Dynamometer: MVC ( millivolt )Forearm cross sectional country ( cm2 )1 20 182 11.32 71.3 2 22 174 10.697 62.4 3 20 163 11 27 4 20 187 16.7 30.5 5 20 177 13.2 63.8 6 19 177 13.5 64.7 7 19 186 14.7 55.91 8 20 179 14.5 69.29 9 19 166 12.5 48.17 10 20 174 15.6 40.69 11 23 179 14.649 62.4 12 18 185 8.83 53.818 13 18 176.5 14.105 67.42 14 19 176 11.34 62.44 15 19 186 15.263 66.92 16 20 186 13.36 76.57 17 19 175 9.536 63.585 18 19 176 17.95 67.02 19 20 176 14.8 81.67 20 19 186 12.911 58 21 19 178 14.181 62.5 22 18 176 16.81 67.02 23 19 176 11.2 62.44 24 19 176 13 62.44 25 19 187 12.1 86.7 26 19 186.5 17.775 68.7 27 19 180 16.05 86.35 28 19 170 15.562 55.38 29 19 173 12.432 49.73 30 19 176 13.468 53.818 31 19 167 12.576 57.38 32 21 177 10.864 49.74 33 18 180 11.97 49.74 34 19 178 10.57 55.91 35 19 175 11.3 54 36 18 181 14.6 62.31 37 19 178 12.8 49.7 Mean 19.32432 177.8648649 13.34376 60.20165 South dakota 1.028863 5.859048852 2.231944 12.69697 Minute 18 163 8.83 27 Soap 23 187 17.95 86.7

Hatshepsut vs Ramses Ii

RamsesII V. S Hatshepsut 2012 ashley P = 6 Ms. Fiorante 1/1/2012 RamsesII: The great pharaoh 1279 B. C – 1213 B. C Hatshepsut: The first women pharaoh 1479 B. C – 1457 B. C Intro If someone were to ask me to name a famous pharaoh of ancient Egypt, some of the names that would come to mind would be Hatshepsut & Ramses II. Why would these names cup up in my mind it’s because Hatshepsut was the first women pharaoh. Next, Ramses II came up to my mind because he was buried with most of his items.If you wonder what is RamsesII of Hatshepsut . I recommend you to sit back and read on. I sure you will find your answer. Body#1 Hatshepsut Hatshepsut was famous for many things. Do you know why she is famous well if you don’t know its okay? She was the first women pharaoh!!! Hatshepsut was willing to even wear man clothing and a false beard so the Egyptian people take her seriously. Also, Hatshepsut increased trade too. She dies in the year 1457 B. C, no one knows how she really dies but it was between murders or died of old age.The cause of us not knowing how she dies was, because ThumoseIII trying to erase the name in history but it was a fail. Body#2 RamsesII RamsesII was famous for many things. Do you know why he is famous well if you don’t know its okay? He was a Great War leader!!! RamsesII defeated 40,000 Hittites. Also, RamsesII sign the peace treaty with the Hittites until his death. Legend says that he had 100 children. He die in the year 1213B. C, he die at the age 86. RamsesII was a great leader. Body#3 My Pharaoh Who is the better pharaoh for me you may ask.Well for me I think it will be Hatshepsut. Well I chose Hatshepsut because she is a lady. Also, she increase & trade with order tribes. Lastly she is willing to do many thing for the people take her seriously . concluding Hatshepsut is a better leader for me. Conclusion Today we learn about two pharaohs Hatshepsut & RamsesII. Examples, Hatshepsut was the first women pharaoh . A another example is RamsesII defeated 40,000 Hittites. Also, RamsesII sign the peace treaty with the Hittites and lasted until his death. Today we learn many thing and I have to say good bye and thank for reading.

Fuddy Meers

Fuddy Meers Fuddy Meers by David Lindsay-Abaire is set during the course of one long day. Two years ago Claire was diagnosed with psychogenic amnesia, a condition that affects short-term memory. Every night when Claire goes to sleep, her memory erases. When she wakes up, she has no idea who she is, who her family is, what she likes and does not like, or the events that led to her condition. One day is all she has to learn everything she can about herself before she goes to sleep and wakes up wiped clean again. On this particular day, Claire wakes up to her husband, Richard, bringing her coffee and a book with information about who she is, who he is, and various other facts she may need throughout the day. Her son, Kenny, drops in to say good morning and go through her purse for some money that he says is for the bus, but is most likely to pay for his next round of pot. Once the two of them leave, a masked man with a lisp and a limp crawls out from under Claire’s bed announcing that he is her brother, Zack, and he is there to save her from Richard. He gets her in the car and throws away her book of information and drives her to her mothers house. Claires mother, Gertie, has suffered a stroke and though her mind functions perfectly, her speech is garbled and mostly unintelligible. The title of the play comes from Gerties garbled speech; Fuddy Meers is what comes out of her mouth when she tries to say Funny Mirrors. Once at her mother’s house, Claire meets Millet and his puppet Hinky Binky. The limping man and Millet recently escaped from jail together and are on their way to Canada. Richard soon discovers Claires absence and drags a stoned Kenny and a kidnapped policewoman to Gerties house. From there, the action devolves into a chaotic hostage situation where details of Claires past slowly emerge until she finally gets the whole story of how, when, and why shes lost her memory. Setting: Claires bedroom, a car, Gerties house Time: The Present Cast Size: This play can accommodate 7 actors. Male Characters: 4 Female Characters: 3 Characters that could be played by either males or females: 0 Roles Claire is in her 40s, and for a woman who has lost her memory, she is fairly happy and at peace. She is upset to see an old picture of herself in which she looks like a pathetically sad-looking woman and recognizes that she is much happier now. Richard is devoted to Claire. His past is shady and littered with minor crimes, drugs, and deceit but hes since turned his life around. He is doing his best for Claire and Kenny although he tends to become nervous and erratic when placed in stressful situations. Kenny was fifteen when Claire lost her memory. He is seventeen now and is using marijuana to self medicate. He is rarely clear-headed enough these days to connect and communicate with the world. The Limping Man announces that he is Claires brother, but his identity remains in question for much of the play. In addition to a limp, he also has a severe lisp, is half blind, and one of his ears has been badly burned resulting in hearing loss. He has a short temper and refuses to answer Claires questions. Gertie is Claires mother. She is in her 60s and suffered a stroke, which resulted in an inability to speak clearly. Her mind and memory are perfect and she loves Claire with all her heart. She does her best to protect her daughter and help Claire piece together her past in time to avoid repeating it. Millet escaped from jail with the Limping Man and a puppet named Hinky Binky. Hinky Binky says all the things Millet cannot and often gets Millet into trouble. While there were plenty of things in Millets past to land him jail, he was wrongfully accused of the crime that eventually imprisoned him. Heidi is introduced as a policewoman who pulls Kenny and Richard over for speeding and possession of marijuana. She is later revealed to be the lunch lady where Millet and the Limping Man were imprisoned and she is in love with the Limping Man. She is strong-willed, possessive, and mildly claustrophobic. Production Notes The production notes for Fuddy Meers focus on set suggestions. The set designer has a chance to utilize creativity and imagination in rendering the various settings. Playwright David Lindsay-Abaire explains that since the play is experienced through Claires eyes, the world that the designers create should be a world of incomplete pictures and distorted realities. He suggests that as the play goes along and Claire’s memory returns, the set should transform from representational to realistic. He says, †¦for example, each time we revisit Gerties kitchen, maybe theres a new piece of furniture, or theres a wall where there wasnt one before. For more of David Lindsay-Abaires notes see the script available from Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Besides the make-up the Limping Man needs for his burned and disfigured ear, the costume needs for this show are minimal. Each character needs only one costume as the time span of Fuddy Meers is only one day. Lighting and sound cues are also minimal. A full properties list is included in the script. There is also a translation of all of Gerties stroke talk at the back of the script. This is helpful for the actor cast as Gertie to understand exactly what she is trying to say and to find the best emphasis and emotions to attach to her garbled dialogue. The director may use his or her own discretion in letting the rest of the cast read the translations as their confused reactions to her lines may be more genuine if they truly do not understand her. Content Issues: Violence (stabbing, punching, shooting guns), language, domestic abuse Production rights for Fuddy Meers are held by Dramatists Play Service, Inc.

The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy)

The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy) The appeal to (false or irrelevant) authority  is a  fallacy in which a rhetor  (public speaker or writer) seeks to persuade an audience not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for the famous. Also known as ipse dixit and ad verecundiam, which means he himself said it and argument to modesty or respect respectively, appeals to authority rely entirely upon the trust the audience has as a speakers integrity and expertise on the matter at hand. As W.L. Reese puts it in Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, though, not every  appeal to authority  commits this fallacy, but every appeal to an authority with respect to matters outside his special province commits the fallacy. Essentially, what he means here is that although not all appeals to authority are fallacies, most are - especially by rhetors with no authority on the topic of discussion. The Art of Deception Manipulation of the general public has been a tool of politicians, religious leaders and marketing experts alike for centuries, utilizing appeal to authority often to support their causes with little to no evidence for doing so. Instead, these figureheads use the art of deception to leverage their fame and recognition as a means to validate their claims.   Have you ever wondered why actors like Luke Wilson endorse ATT as Americas largest wireless phone coverage provider or why Jennifer Aniston appears in Aveeno skincare commercials to say its the best product on the shelves? Marketing firms often hire the most famous A-list celebrities to promote their products for the sole purpose of using their appeal to authority to convince their fans that the product they endorse is worth buying. As Seth Stevenson posits in his 2009 Slate article Indie Sweethearts Pitching Products, Luke Wilsons role in these ATT ads is straight-up spokesman - the [ads] are horribly misleading. The Political Con Game As a result, it is important for audiences and consumers, especially in the political spectrum, to be doubly aware of the logical fallacy of merely trusting someone on their appeal to authority. In order to discern truth in these situations, the first step, then, would be to determine what level of expertise the rhetor has in the field of conversation.   For instance, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, often cites no evidence in his tweets condemning everyone from political opponents and celebrities to supposed illegal voters in the general election. On November 27, 2016, he famously tweeted In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide, I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally. However, no evidence exists that verify this claim, which only sought to alter public opinion of his opponent Hillary Clintons 3,000,000-vote lead over him in the popular vote count of the 2016 U.S. election, calling her victory illegitimate.   Questioning Expertise This is certainly not unique to Trump - in fact, a large majority of politicians, especially while in public forums and on-the-spot television interviews, use an appeal to authority when facts and evidence are not readily available. Even criminals on trial will use this tactic to attempt to appeal to the empathetic human nature of the jury in order to sway their opinion despite contradictory evidence.   As Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry put it in the 6th edition of Invitation to Critical Thinking, no one is an expert on everything, and therefore no one can be trusted on their appeal to authority every time. The pair comment that whenever an appeal to authority is introduced, it is wise to be aware of the area of expertise of any given authority - and to be mindful of the relevance of that particular area of expertise to the issue under discussion. Essentially, in every case of appeals to authority, be mindful of those tricky appeals to irrelevant authority - just because the speaker is famous, doesnt mean he or she knows anything real about what theyre saying.

Helen Keller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Helen Keller - Essay Example Unlike Helen Keller, I have taken language for granted, thinking that it is just a part of being human and that it is nothing really special. However, reading her account of how her teacher Anne Sullivan laboriously taught her the magic of language revealed to me that language is a gift. Helen was very enthusiastic to learn more about language: "Everything had a name, and each name gave birth to a new thought" (71). I think I can never really recall how I slowly learn to understand the meaning of language. All I know is that, as an infant, I might have solely relied to non-verbal communication to relay my message to my mother and caregiver. It was not until I was two or three that I have learned to associate words with their meanings. This new discovery might not have been that amazing or exciting to me. The value and appreciation of language came later in my life. Personal experiences taught me how language really liberates an individual and brings good things to other people. I have faced a number of disappointments and failures. During these situations, I have relied on language to pour out my anger and frustrations.